HYDRANTULA TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW: AN INNOVATION FOR COASTAL CONSTRUCTION Technical brief for coastal research teams

3 HYDRANTULA TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW OVERVIEW OF THE HYDRANTULA TECHNOLOGY PRODUCT DESCRIPTION 1 2 HYDRANTULA is an advanced technology for building permanent marine concrete structures using modular non-removable formwork made of plastic pipes and ﬁttings. In practice, HYDRANTULA structures are reinforced concrete 3D frames cast directly underwater or in the tidal zone inside a pre-assembled plastic “skeleton”. The system was originally developed for piers, jetties, retaining structures, near-shore platforms and houses on water. A light 3D lattice is assembled onshore from plastic nodes and HDPE pipes, then installed on the seabed and ﬁlled with concrete pumped from the bottom up. Water is displaced from the closed cavities, and after hardening the concrete forms a robust monolithic frame inside the plastic shell. HYDRANTULA permanent formwork competes directly with piles, sheet piling, concrete pontoons and aluminium deck structures. Its key advantage is that it dramatically lowers the cost and complexity of building 3D marine concrete frames, bringing such designs from the world of oil & gas megaprojects into reach for mid-sized developers, marinas and residential coastal projects. HYDRANTULA develops, manufactures and sells permanent (non-removable) formwork for casting concrete underwater or in the tidal zone. The ready-to-cast formwork consists of: • Original connecting elements (ﬁttings / nodes) — proprietary plastic joints with multiple ports for pipes; • Beams made of standard HDPE plumbing pipes, cut to length on site; • Rebar and micro-ﬁbre concrete, sourced locally as standard bulk products. 2.1. System concept

4 In other words, HYDRANTULA sells the technology and the specialized ﬁttings; pipes, reinforcement and concrete are procured on the local market. HYDRANTULA product lines cover a wide range of coastal tasks: foundations for houses over water, shore protection, retaining walls, slipways and mooring ramps for small boats, garages and lifts for vessels, and waterfront walkways. The eight product series together cover up to 90% of typical coastal construction tasks. The system is based on a family of patented design concepts and components: 1. Fitting system and modular nodes • Traditional 3D steel frame joints are expensive, because each angle and geometry requires custom fabrication. • HYDRANTULA replaces steel or aluminium nodes with polyethylene ﬁttings produced by rotational moulding (rotomolding), allowing almost any angle between pipe ports (0°-80° with any azimuth). Metal fabrication cannot realistically compete at this level of geometric ﬂexibility. • The angular range of 0°-80° between any two pipe axes at a given port covers the full geometric family of diagonal bracing and non-orthogonal space frame conﬁgurations. For orthogonal frames - where pipes must meet at 90° — HYDRANTULA resolves this through a normal plastic sleeve, orthogonal layouts are therefore fully achievable within the standard ﬁtting range. 2. Binary Socket • Creating separate ﬁttings for every possible angle and orientation would result in thousands of SKUs. HYDRANTULA solves this through the Binary Socket concept. • Each ﬁtting is manufactured with a set of potential ports. On site, installers use a crown drill to open only those sleeves that are needed for a given node; unused ports remain closed. 2.2. Key patented innovations

5 HYDRANTULA TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW • This allows a single universal ﬁtting to replace multiple “left/right/top/bottom” versions, simplifying logistics and inventory. 3. Side oﬀset geometry and buildability • At a 3D node, the axes of pipes should theoretically converge in one point. With large pipe diameters that is impossible — pipes physically collide. • HYDRANTULA introduces side oﬀset geometry, slightly shifting pipe axes so they bypass each other. This avoids collisions, allows more compact ﬁttings and signiﬁcantly improves buildability of complex 3D frames. 4. Co-axial sockets and through-pipes • Thanks to side oﬀset, some sockets are co-axial, allowing full-length pipes to pass through ﬁttings without cutting. • With sleeves and anti-bell structures, large frame “planes” can be pre-assembled, which simpliﬁes construction and improves concrete performance during pouring. 5. GrooveLock / Camlock compatibility • HYDRANTULA ﬁttings incorporate adapters for standard GrooveLock and Camlock systems. • Concrete is pumped into the frame under pressure from the lowest point, with no free-air pouring, resulting in denser and more durable concrete in harsh marine environments. 6. Pull rods and manifold innovation • HYDRANTULA is the ﬁrst formwork system to systematically incorporate composite pull rods engineered to resist dynamic loads typical for marine environments.

6 • Modular ﬁttings evolved into manifold hubs capable of managing multiple parallel pipe feeds — forming robust concrete “walls” useful for shoreline protection, erosion control and terraced beaches. 7. Oﬀ-the-shelf tools and skills • The system uses standard HDPE plumbing pipes and welding tools: socket/butt fusion machines, handheld extruders, etc. • No proprietary tools are required, and an existing global workforce trained in HDPE pipe welding can assemble HYDRANTULA with minimal additional training. 1. Onshore assembly (≈90% of work) • An empty formwork is fully assembled onshore as one rigid 3D frame. • Pipes are cut to length, connected to ﬁttings by butt/socket welding or mechanical fasteners, and reinforced by inserting steel or composite rebar inside the pipes at this stage. 2.3. Assembly and underwater concreting

7 HYDRANTULA TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW 2. Transportation and installation • The assembled frame is transported by crane, truck or barge to the installation site. • Depending on reinforcement type, the frame may ﬂoat for some time (composite rebar) or sink immediately (steel rebar). 3. Concrete placement • A concrete pipe or hose (DIN 125/100) is connected to the GrooveLock / Camlock port of one ﬁtting at the lowest point of the structure before lowering it into the water. • Concreting is carried out underwater. Concrete is pumped from bottom to top, displacing water inside the formwork and minimizing air pockets and segregation. • The formwork is not fully watertight but holds concrete well enough for a controlled displacement of water. 2.4. Quality assurance during concrete placement Controlled bottom-up pumping through a single GrooveLock/Camlock port provides a primary level of quality assurance. Air displacement and void control are managed through a dedicated procedure: small-diameter holes are pre-drilled at the upper sections of pipe members prior to or immediately after concrete placement begins. As concrete rises from the bottom, entrapped air escapes through these holes. Each hole self-seals naturally when the concrete front reaches it - coarse aggregate in the mix bridges the opening and plugs it without any intervention. A hole that has sealed conﬁrms that the concrete column in that member has reached the hole elevation; a hole from which air continues to escape indicates an unﬁlled zone and allows remedial pumping before the concrete sets. This self-sealing mechanism provides a distributed, zero-cost quality indicator across the entire frame without requiring dedicated instrumentation. Standard practice additionally includes: • monitoring pump pressure and ﬂow rate throughout the pour to detect blockages or unexpected resistance; • verifying concrete consistency (slump or slump ﬂow) at the pump inlet before each pour;

8 • retaining standard cube or cylinder samples from each pour for 28-day compressive strength testing; • post-installation inspection by diver to conﬁrm the absence of visible unﬁlled zones at the structure perimeter. Where project speciﬁcations require higher assurance, non-destructive testing of completed members — including impact-echo or ultrasonic pulse velocity methods adapted for HDPE-enclosed sections — can be speciﬁed. This is recommended for structurally critical members and for ﬁrst installations in any new geographic market. • After curing, the result is a monolithic reinforced concrete frame enclosed in a plastic shell: a permanent, corrosion-resistant structural element designed for decades of service in marine conditions. 2.5. Materials and logistics • Up to 99% of components are plastic; the heaviest empty element weighs only about 25 kg, which simpliﬁes manual handling and logistics. • Pipes can be pre-cut before delivery; ﬁttings are compact and transportable on pallets over long distances. • There is no need to purchase heavy concrete pumps or HDPE welding machines speciﬁcally — they are widely available for rental, and their cost is only a small fraction of the normal cost of crane barges and marine construction equipment.

9 HYDRANTULA TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW 2.6. Concrete mix requirements Concrete used in HYDRANTULA frames is pumped under pressure from the lowest point of the structure, displacing water from within the closed formwork. This placement method imposes speciﬁc requirements on mix design: • Workability: the mix must be self-consolidating or near-SCC in consistency (slump ﬂow typically 550-650 mm) to ensure complete ﬁlling of all cavities without vibration; • Mix class: minimum C35/45 (characteristic cylinder / cube strength) is recommended for marine exposure; C40/50 is preferred for aggressive tidal and splash zone conditions; • Exposure class: XS2-XS3 per EN 206 / SS EN 1992-1-1, depending on tidal regime and chloride exposure; • Cement type: sulphate-resistant or blended cements (GGBS, ﬂy ash) are preferred to reduce heat of hydration and enhance long-term chloride resistance; • Micro-ﬁbre reinforcement: glass ﬁbres or stainless steel macro-ﬁbres are used to reduce plastic shrinkage cracking during curing and improve post-crack toughness and ductility; • Water-cement ratio: not to exceed 0.45 for submerged and tidal zone applications. Standard concrete supply, pumping equipment and mix design expertise are available in all major coastal construction markets. Speciﬁc mix design should be veriﬁed and adapted to local cement sources and environmental exposure by a qualiﬁed structural or materials engineer. 2.7. Terraced and manifold conﬁgurations Beyond single-module frames, HYDRANTULA’s manifold hub ﬁttings enable a distinct structural typology: terraced multi-row arrays designed for shoreline protection, beach stabilisation and ecological enhancement. In this conﬁguration, multiple frame modules are arranged in stepped horizontal tiers descending from the shoreline into deeper water. Each tier partially attenuates incoming wave energy before it reaches the next, creating a distributed dissipation proﬁle rather than concentrating loading on a single defence line. Key characteristics of terraced conﬁgurations: • Wave energy dissipation: the open lattice geometry allows water to pass between tiers, converting wave energy into turbulence rather than reﬂecting it.

10 Reﬂection coeﬃcients are substantially lower than for solid walls or armoured revetments, reducing toe scour and secondary erosion; • Sediment dynamics: permeable multi-tier structures promote natural sediment deposition in the sheltered zones between rows, potentially supporting beach recovery and seagrass establishment over time; • Ecological value: the stepped geometry creates a vertical habitat gradient - subtidal, intertidal and splash zones are all represented within a single structure, supporting diverse communities of organisms at diﬀerent tidal elevations; • Scalability: the number of tiers, tier spacing and individual module dimensions are continuously adjustable to match site bathymetry, wave climate and design objectives. Terraced conﬁgurations are one of the most distinctive capabilities of the HYDRANTULA system and are not readily achievable with conventional pile-and-deck or monolithic wall approaches. They represent the primary structural typology proposed for hybrid coastal protection and eco-shoreline applications.

11 HYDRANTULA TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS 3 HYDRANTULA frames form spatial (3D) trusses with high stiﬀness and load-carrying capacity. Because the structure is fully three-dimensional and can be multi-storey, it: • resists lateral wave and current forces, uplift and variable cyclic loads; • distributes loads over a wide footprint on the seabed, reducing bearing pressure and settlement risks; • provides three-dimensional load redistribution and redundancy under lateral, uplift and cyclic actions; resistance to multidirectional wave loading is achieved by the spatial frame action, while directional stiﬀness and strength depend on the speciﬁc geometry, symmetry, bracing layout, support conditions and installation mode. For structural design purposes, the HDPE shell should be treated primarily as permanent formwork and a protective outer barrier. The principal load-bearing function is provided by the reinforced concrete core and internal reinforcement. The use of pull rods and continuous through-pipes creates redundant load paths and enhances resilience against fatigue and shock loads typical of marine environments. 3.1. Load capacity and structural behaviour

12 HYDRANTULA can be installed on various seabed types: sandy, silty or rocky. Wide “skids” or base beams at the lowest level spread loads across the seabed. On sloped bottoms, certain series (e.g. H1 and H2 variants) include height-adjustable columns, allowing the frame to be levelled without excessive site preparation. Some series are adapted for free-standing installation (“FreeStand mode”) — the frame rests on the seabed without rigid anchoring, relying on its own weight and footprint. Where required, vertical columns can serve as guides for screw piles or anchors, combining free-standing and ﬁxed support modes. FreeStand mode requires careful site assessment in two respects. First, sliding and overturning stability under lateral wave and current loading must be veriﬁed by calculation, accounting for wave period, water depth, frame geometry and the weight of the concrete-ﬁlled structure. For most ﬁlled conﬁgurations the self-weight provides adequate resistance, but exposed sites with energetic wave climates or strong tidal currents require explicit stability checks. Second, seabed scour beneath the base beams must be evaluated. Where current velocities or wave-induced bed shear stresses exceed the critical threshold for the local sediment, progressive undermining of the structure’s footprint is possible. Mitigation options include scour protection aprons (rock, gravel mat or geotextile), increasing base beam footprint area, or transitioning to a partially anchored conﬁguration using the integral column guides provided in certain series. Site-speciﬁc hydraulic modelling or reference to established scour prediction methods (e.g. EurOtop or Manual on scour at bridges and other hydraulic structures) is recommended for exposed FreeStand mode. 3.3. Depth range HYDRANTULA series cover the following characteristic depths: • H1 — single-storey series for very shallow water; • H2 / H4 — conﬁgurations for depths up to approximately 5-6 m; • H5 — deeper-water options with multi-storey frames for depths around 8-12 m, and in some designs up to ~15 m. Multi-storey capability is a key diﬀerentiator: vertical stacking of truss layers provides stiﬀness and height without excessive member sizes, making it suitable for much of Singapore’s nearshore zone (<10 m). 3.2. Soil conditions and slopes

13 HYDRANTULA TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW 3.4. Durability in marine environments • Plastic shell: The HDPE outer layer protects concrete from the external environment for decades, shielding it from abrasion, direct saltwater contact and freeze–thaw cycles where applicable. • Corrosion: resistant to electrochemical corrosion; alkaline durability of GFRP rebar in concrete depends on the speciﬁc material system and proper selection for alkaline service conditions. • Ice resistance: The system is designed to tolerate freezing waters and pack ice; while that is less relevant for tropical Singapore, it indicates robustness under harsh mechanical contact loads. • Service life: Product materials and design service life target of 60+ years, based on material performance data for HDPE in marine environments; long-term veriﬁcation ongoing. 3.5. Equipment and workforce • Assembly uses commonly available equipment: drills, crowns, HDPE welders, optical levels, manual extruders, circular saws. • Construction equipment is limited to cranes, a concrete pump and standard concrete trucks. • Most assembly operations can be performed by ordinary construction workers or plumbers trained in HDPE welding; no divers or oﬀshore-class crew are necessary for the bulk of works. 3.6. Regulatory and standards pathway HYDRANTULA frames are reinforced concrete structures and fall within the scope of standard structural engineering codes. The technology does not require new regulatory categories; rather, it is designed to be assessed under existing frameworks applicable to permanent marine structures: • Structural design of the concrete core and reinforcement: EN 1992-1-1 (Eurocode 2) and EN 1992-2 (concrete bridges and civil structures), as adopted locally — in Singapore, SS EN 1992 and BCA structural Eurocodes apply; • Marine durability and exposure classiﬁcation: EN 206, EN 1504 series;

14 • HDPE pipe materials: ISO 4427 / EN 12201 (PE pipes for pressure applications); welding procedures per DVS 2207-1 and DVS 2208-1; • Geotechnical assessment of seabed bearing capacity and scour: EN 1997 (Eurocode 7), supplemented by site-speciﬁc geotechnical investigation. Where national building authorities require project- speciﬁc structural assessment for novel construction methods, HYDRANTULA’s primary load-bearing mechanism — the reinforced concrete core — is directly calculable under standard codes. The permanent HDPE shell does not introduce regulatory ambiguity, as it is treated as non-structural formwork for code purposes (see Section 3.1). Regulatory pre-consultation with BCA or the relevant authority is planned to agree the assessment basis before detailed design. COMPARISON WITH CONVENTIONAL COASTAL SOLUTIONS Below is a structured comparison of HYDRANTULA with the main competing methods in shoreline and marine construction: reinforced concrete piles, concrete pontoons, steel/aluminium structures and monolithic concrete walls. 4.1 Benchmarking dimensions 1. Construction method and logistics HYDRANTULA up to 90% of work is done onshore and in dry conditions, with only installation and concrete pumping performed in the water Piles require pile driving or drilling, heavy barges, vibratory hammers, underwater works Pontoons prefabricated ﬂoating units towed and moored; relatively simple, but not ﬁxed foundations Steel/aluminium factory-fabricated frames installed on piles or heavy concrete blocks; require qualiﬁed welders and anti-corrosion treatment Monolithic concrete walls usually demand coﬀerdams and dewatering — often up to 60% of budget goes to temporary works (coﬀerdam construction and removal) for challenging tidal sites 4

15 HYDRANTULA TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW 2. Cost and labour HYDRANTULA low capex for marine equipment; uses rental HDPE welding tools and standard concrete pumps instead of expensive crane barges. Labour costs are reduced because work is relatively simple and dry Piles and monolithic structures high marine labour and equipment costs Pontoons moderate capex but higher lifecycle costs due to maintenance and limited service life Steel/aluminium high material and fabrication costs, plus ongoing corrosion protection 3. Environmental footprint HYDRANTULA lattice frame is transparent to waves and does not cause strong changes in currents or seabed erosion. It does not increase turbidity signiﬁcantly because concrete is poured inside closed formwork from bottom to top. Over time, HYDRANTULA acts as an artiﬁcial reef — beams and nodes become habitat for marine organisms, increasing biodiversity Piles and monolithic structures relatively low physical footprint but noisy and disruptive during installation (underwater noise) Pontoons shade the water surface and may interfere with water exchange; do not promote reef-like growth Steel/monolithic walls reﬂect wave energy, often increasing scouring and erosion in front of the structure; construction processes commonly stir up sediments and impact water quality 4. Speed of construction HYDRANTULA fast deployment because onshore assembly and underwater concreting avoid coﬀerdam cycles Piles and monolithic sequential, weather-dependent operations; time-consuming Pontoons quick to install but shorter life cycle 5. Flexibility and scalability HYDRANTULA modular system; dimensions are continuously adjustable by changing beam lengths while maintaining aspect ratios. One basic ﬁtting set can form many diﬀerent layouts Piles and monolithic structures each structure type usually demands project-speciﬁc detailing and custom fabrication Pontoons Steel/aluminium

16 BENEFITS FOR COASTAL AND WATERFRONT PROJECTS WORLDWIDE Coastal erosion, sea-level rise and storm surge aﬀect over 600,000 km of developed shoreline globally. At the same time, the market for conventional marine construction — piles, coﬀerdams, sheet piling and prefabricated pontoons — is constrained by high equipment costs, specialist labour requirements and growing environmental regulation. HYDRANTULA addresses this gap, oﬀering a combination of engineering robustness, environmental compatibility and constructability that is deployable across a wide range of coastal climates and regulatory environments. 5.1. Suitability for shallow coastal waters worldwide The majority of shoreline protection and waterfront infrastructure globally is located in water depths of less than 10-12 m. This includes recreational beaches, tidal estuaries, lagoons, river deltas, coral atoll shores, and the nearshore fringes of port cities. HYDRANTULA’s depth range – up to 10-12 m with multi-storey conﬁgurations – and its ability to rest directly on the seabed without deep pile foundations make it applicable to: 5

17 HYDRANTULA TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW • nearshore and beach protection structures in tropical, subtropical and temperate climates; • coastal park and promenade revetments along urban waterfronts; • foundations for small jetties, ferry landing stages and recreational piers; • fringe infrastructure at land reclamation projects; • tidal inlet and river-mouth protection works. Height-adjustable columns and adaptable geometry compensate for seabed irregularities – whether sand, silt or rock – without intensive dredging or site preparation. This is relevant for developing markets where site preparation equipment is scarce or expensive.. 5.2. Onshore assembly and reduced dependence on marine equipment In most coastal jurisdictions, crane barges, jack-up platforms and oﬀshore marine crews represent the dominant cost driver in conventional marine construction. HYDRANTULA’s onshore- ﬁrst approach fundamentally changes this equation: • approximately 90% of fabrication work is completed on land, in dry conditions, using locally available labour; • the assembled frame is installed as a complete unit, reducing the number of vessel mobilisations; • for shallow-water and near-shore installations, a land-based crane can launch frames directly from the shoreline, eliminating the need for a crane barge entirely. This cost structure is advantageous in high-cost maritime markets (Northern Europe, North America, Australia) and equally valuable in emerging coastal economies where oﬀshore-class equipment is simply not available or aﬀordable. The same construction logic works in a Norwegian fjord, a Caribbean island and a Southeast Asian archipelago.

18 5.3. Quiet installation and reduced community impact Pile driving generates sustained underwater impulsive noise, with peak levels that frequently exceed regulatory thresholds for marine mammals, ﬁsh and diving birds. In many jurisdictions – including the EU (Habitats Directive), USA (MMPA), Australia and Canada – this triggers mandatory noise impact assessments, exclusion zones and seasonal construction windows that add months to project timelines. HYDRANTULA does not require pile driving or heavy vibro-equipment. As a result: • underwater noise levels during installation are substantially lower, reducing permitting risk in ecologically sensitive areas; • vibration transmission to adjacent structures – relevant for historic waterfronts, densely built harbour fronts and sensitive infrastructure – is negligible; • work can often proceed in proximity to residential areas, recreational beaches and marine protected areas without triggering noise threshold exceedances. This characteristic is commercially signiﬁcant in jurisdictions where underwater noise regulation is tightening: the EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive, OSPAR, and comparable national frameworks are progressively lowering acceptable disturbance levels for oﬀshore and nearshore construction. 5.4. Alignment with nature-based and hybrid coastal solutions Across Europe, North America, Australasia and Southeast Asia, national coastal strategies are converging on a common position: hard engineering alone is not suﬃcient, and nature-based or hybrid solutions must be incorporated wherever site conditions permit. HYDRANTULA is structurally compatible with this paradigm: • the permeable lattice allows waves, currents and sediment to move through the structure, avoiding the stagnant backwater zones and scour patterns associated with solid seawalls and revetments; • rough concrete surfaces protected by the HDPE shell provide colonisation substrate for algae, corals, oysters, mussels, barnacles and other organisms, progressively converting the structure into a functioning artiﬁcial reef habitat; • frames can be conﬁgured as terraced or stepped arrays, matching the geometry used in living shoreline, eco-seawall and reef restoration programmes.

19 HYDRANTULA TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW These properties make HYDRANTULA directly relevant to funded research and pilot programmes in the EU (Horizon Europe, LIFE), USA (NOAA, USACE), UK (UKRI, Environment Agency) and multilateral development bank portfolios targeting climate- resilient coastal infrastructure. 5.5. Reduced turbidity and environmental disturbance during construction Conventional «wet» construction methods – coﬀerdam installation, underwater concrete pouring, sheet pile driving – disturb seabed sediments and introduce cement ﬁnes into the water column. In areas with sensitive benthic habitats (coral, seagrass, oyster beds) or where suspended sediment concentrations are regulated, this constitutes a major permitting barrier. HYDRANTULA’s closed-formwork, bottom-up pumping method addresses this directly: • there is no leakage of cement ﬁnes into the water column during placement; • coﬀerdam construction and associated dredging are avoided; • sediment resuspension during installation is limited to the mechanical footprint of frame placement; • the risk of smothering sensitive benthic habitats in the construction zone is substantially reduced. This is a meaningful advantage in regulated coastal environments globally – from Mediterranean Posidonia seagrass meadows to Indo-Paciﬁc coral reef margins and North Atlantic kelp forest zones. 5.6. Aesthetic and urban-integration advantages Coastal cities globally are increasingly treating their waterfronts as public amenity, tourism and economic development assets. Massive concrete seawalls and rock armour revetments are visually incompatible with high-value waterfront redevelopment programmes. HYDRANTULA plastic shells can be manufactured in a range of colours and surface ﬁnishes, enabling visual integration with urban waterfront design schemes. Combined with the slender geometry of spatial trusses – as opposed to massive gravity blocks – this enables:

20 • lightweight-looking promenades, viewing platforms and water terraces on urban waterfronts; • visually diﬀerentiated eco-piers and recreation structures in coastal park settings; • reduced perceived bulk of protective infrastructure along historically sensitive or tourism-facing shorelines. This characteristic is relevant for waterfront regeneration projects across Europe, the Gulf, Southeast Asia and coastal resort developments globally. HYDRANTULA is applicable across a broad range of coastal engineering programmes, from research pilots to full-scale protective infrastructure. The following domains represent the primary areas where the technology oﬀers a diﬀerentiated value proposition relative to conventional alternatives. 1. Shore protection and hybrid breakwaters • Semi-submerged truss breakwaters attenuating wave energy in exposed and semi-exposed coastal settings while maintaining water exchange, sediment continuity and ecological connectivity. • Combination with rock armour, mangrove fringe planting or artiﬁcial reef modules to create hybrid systems studied under local wave climates and tidal regimes. • Applicable to open coast erosion control, harbour entrance protection and coastal infrastructure defence in tropical, temperate and arid coastal zones. 2. Eco-shorelines and living seawalls • Structural backbone for stepped eco-shorelines in coastal parks, port redevelopment zones and reclamation fringe treatments. • Investigation of how lattice geometry, surface texture and substrate orientation inﬂuence marine colonisation rates, species diversity and long-term ecological function. • Relevant for urban waterfront programmes in the EU, UK, Australia, Singapore, Hong Kong, the Gulf states and the eastern and western seaboards of North America. 6 POTENTIAL APPLICATION DOMAINS

21 HYDRANTULA TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW 3. Foundations for jetties, platforms and aquaculture infrastructure • Seabed foundations for pedestrian piers, water sports facilities, small-boat docks and ferry terminals, with direct lifecycle cost comparison against pile-supported decks and ﬂoating pontoons. • Stable platforms for nearshore aquaculture infrastructure – ﬁsh cages, shellﬁsh longlines, seaweed cultivation – in sheltered bays and straits, exploiting the frame’s internal cavities for piping and utilities. • Particularly relevant for island states and archipelago nations where conventional marine construction supply chains are long and expensive. 4. Pilot and demonstration installations • Instrumented pilot segments at coastal protection, beach rejuvenation and port regeneration sites, monitoring wave attenuation performance, scour behaviour and biological colonisation over multi-year periods. • Test beds for validating structural design models, hydraulic performance parameters and environmental impact assessments under real-world conditions in diﬀerent metocean environments. • Suitable for integration into national or regional coastal research programmes, providing technology validation data that satisﬁes both engineering and environmental regulators. 5. Lifecycle and end-of-life studies • Veriﬁcation of deconstruction claims: obsolete or damaged HYDRANTULA structures can be removed without leaving protruding piles, submerged metallic debris or residual contamination, reducing end-of-life liability – relevant to project ﬁnanciers and environmental regulators alike. • Assessment of plastic component recyclability and ﬁtting reuse potential in the context of circular economy frameworks (EU Taxonomy, ISO 14040 LCA, EPD programmes). • Comparison of whole-life carbon and embodied energy against conventional coastal structure typologies, using established LCA methodology.

22 HYDRANTULA is a modular, low-impact and durable technology for underwater concrete structures that directly addresses several challenges in Singapore’s coastal protection and waterfront development: • It shifts most work onshore, reducing marine construction risk and cost. • It enables robust 3D concrete frames in shallow and mid-depth waters without massive coﬀerdams or intensive piling. • It aligns with hybrid and nature-based coastal strategies by allowing water and life to ﬂow through, and by functioning as an artiﬁcial reef over time. • It integrates with existing industrial standards (HDPE pipes, GrooveLock/Camlock ﬁttings, standard pumps and tools), facilitating local adoption. For CFI Singapore and PUB, HYDRANTULA oﬀers a promising platform for research and pilot projects in climate-resilient, ecologically sensitive coastal infrastructure. Systematic evaluation under Singapore’s speciﬁc conditions could unlock a new class of shoreline structures that are both technically eﬀective and environmentally regenerative. 7 CONCLUSION

23 HYDRANTULA TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW MATERIAL DATA SHEET Structural Components: HDPE Pipes and LMDPE Fittings for Marine Construction Document No: HYD-MDS-001 Revision: 1.0 Date: May 2026 UEN: 202600937R 1. Scope and Application This Material Data Sheet covers the two primary structural materials used in Hydrantula permanent formwork systems for marine and coastal construction: Component Material Application in Hydrantula System Pipes (beams) HDPE PE100 (High Density Polyethylene) Structural frame beams; permanent formwork enclosure; rebar conduits Fittings (nodes) LMDPE - ETILINAS LL3840UA by PETRONAS Chemicals Group Berhad 3D frame nodes; manifold hubs; concrete distribution connectors Both components function as permanent (non-removable) formwork. After concrete placement, the plastic enclosure remains in place as a protective outer barrier, shielding the reinforced concrete core from direct saltwater contact, abrasion, and freeze-thaw cycles. Note: This MDS covers material properties only. Structural design of the concrete core is to be carried out under EN 1992-1-1 / SS 2. HDPE PE100 Pipes (Structural Beams) 2.1. Material Classiﬁcation Parameter Value / Reference Material designation PE100 (High Density Polyethylene) Applicable pipe standard ISO 4427 / EN 12201 (PE pipes for pressure applications) Minimum Required Strength (MRS) 10.0 MPa (PE100 classiﬁcation per ISO 9080) Welding procedures DVS 2207-1 (butt fusion); DVS 2208-1 (socket fusion); handheld extruder welding Supply form Standard HDPE plumbing pipes, cut to length on site ANNEX №1

24 2.2. Pipe Sizes and SDR Series Used in Hydrantula Assemblies OD (mm) SDR Wall thickness (mm) PN (bar) @ 20°C ID approx. (mm) Typical use 125 13.6 9.2 16 106.6 Modular retention wall members 140 17 8.3 12.5 123.4 Frame, diagonals, sledges 160 21 7.7 10 144.6 Frame, diagonals, sledges 200 26 7.7 8 184.6 Frame, diagonals, sledges 225 26 8.7 8 207.6 Load bearing columns; primary members 250 33 7.7 6.3 234.6 Load bearing columns; primary members 280 33 8.6 6.3 262.8 Load bearing columns; primary members Wall thickness calculated as OD / SDR. PN rating applies to water at 20°C per ISO 4427. For structural (non-pressure) beam use, SDR designation is used primarily to deﬁne wall thickness and cross-sectional moment of inertia, not pressure rating. 2.3. Key Mechanical and Physical Properties - PE100 Property Value Unit Test Standard Density 950 - 960 kg/m³ ISO 1183 Tensile strength at yield ≥ 22 MPa ISO 527-2 Elongation at break ≥ 600 % ISO 527-2 Flexural modulus (short-term) ≥ 900 MPa ISO 178 MRS (long-term hydrostatic strength) 10.0 MPa ISO 9080 Vicat softening temperature ≥ 120 °C ISO 306 Service temperature range -40 to +60 °C ISO 4427 / EN 12201 UV stabilisation Carbon black, ≥ 2% by mass - EN 12201-2 Chemical resistance - seawater / chlorides Excellent - ISO 175 Electrical conductivity Non-conductive - - Design service life (marine environment) ≥ 60 years EN 12201 / DVGW Property values represent minimum speciﬁcation requirements for PE100 per ISO 4427 and EN 12201. Actual values for any speciﬁc pipe supply should be conﬁrmed from the pipe manufacturer’s product data sheet for the relevant production lot.

25 HYDRANTULA TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW 3. Reinforced Concrete Core The principal load-bearing element of any Hydrantula structure is the reinforced concrete core cast inside the permanent HDPE/LMDPE formwork. The plastic shell functions as non-structural formwork and a protective outer barrier; structural design is based on the concrete core and internal reinforcement in accordance with EN 1992- 1-1 / SS EN 1992 (Eurocode 2). 3.1. Concrete Mix Requirements Parameter Requirement Reference Minimum concrete class C35/45 (marine exposure); C40/50 preferred for tidal / splash zone EN 206 / SS EN 206 Exposure class XS2 (submerged) to XS3 (tidal / splash zone) EN 206 / EN 1992-1-1 Workability (placement method) Self-consolidating (SCC); slump ﬂow 550-650 mm EN 12350-8 Maximum water-cement ratio ≤ 0.45 EN 206 Table F.1 Cement type Sulphate-resistant or blended (GGBS, ﬂy ash) preferred EN 197-1 Micro-ﬁbre reinforcement Glass ﬁbres or stainless steel macro-ﬁbres; reduces plastic shrinkage cracking and improves post-crack toughness EN 14889 Placement method Bottom-up pressure pumping via GrooveLock / Camlock port; no free-air pouring Hydrantula construction procedure Quality control sampling Standard cube / cylinder samples per pour; 28-day compressive strength per EN 12390 EN 12390-3 Speciﬁc mix design must be veriﬁed and adapted to local cement sources and environmental exposure by a qualiﬁed structural or materials engineer. Standard concrete supply and pumping equipment are available in all major coastal construction markets. 3.2. Internal Reinforcement Hydrantula structures use Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) rebar exclusively. Steel reinforcement is not used in any Hydrantula conﬁguration. Parameter Requirement Material Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer (GFRP)

26 Parameter Requirement Tensile strength (ultimate) 600 - 1000 MPa (grade-dependent) Elastic modulus 40 - 55 GPa Density ~2.0 g/cm³ (approx. 25% of steel) Corrosion resistance Fully corrosion-resistant in marine and chloride-rich environments; no electrochemical degradation Concrete cover requirement Cover requirements are not driven by corrosion protection; governed by bond and ﬁre resistance only Electrical conductivity Non-conductive; no galvanic interaction with seawater or adjacent metallic elements Buoyancy eﬀect during installation GFRP-reinforced frames are buoyant prior to concrete ﬁll; controlled ballasting or staged ﬁlling required during submersion Applicable standards ACI 440.1R (Guide for FRP rebar); ﬁb Bulletin 40; CSA S806; CNR-DT 203 Rebar is inserted into pipe members during onshore assembly, prior to frame sealing. Pull rods - GFRP tension members engineered to resist dynamic marine loads - are incorporated as a standard feature of the Hydrantula connection system, providing additional redundancy under cyclic wave loading. 4. LMDPE Fittings / Nodes - ETILINAS LL3840UA 4.1. Material Identiﬁcation Parameter Value Trade designation ETILINAS LL3840UA Manufacturer PETRONAS Chemicals Group Berhad (PCGB), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Material type Linear Medium Density Polyethylene (LMDPE) Processing method Rotational moulding (rotomolding) Processing temperature 200°C - 300°C (mould-dependent) Supply form Pellets, 25 kg bags Quality system ISO 9001:2015 (Cert. No. AR1560) 4.2. Key Properties Property Value Unit Test method Notes Nominal density 938 kg/m³ ASTM D 1505 Melt Flow Rate (I2, 190°C/2.16 kg) 4.0 g/10 min ASTM D 1238

27 HYDRANTULA TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW Property Value Unit Test method Notes Melting point 124 °C ISO 3146 - Crystallization point 111 °C ISO 3146 - Tensile strength at yield 21 MPa ASTM D 638 50 mm/min, Type IV Tensile strength at break 18 MPa ASTM D 638 50 mm/min, Type IV Elongation at break 800 % ASTM D 638 High ductility Flexural modulus 800 MPa ASTM D 790 - Charpy impact strength 12 kJ/m² SO 179 Type 1 Notch A - Surface hardness 60 Shore D ASTM D 2240 @ 23°C Heat deﬂection temperature 70 °C ASTM D 648 Method B - Vicat softening temperature 120 °C ASTM D 1525 1 kg, 50°C/hr ESCR (Environmental Stress Crack Resistance) > 300 hours ASTM D 1693 100% Igepal, Cond. B, F50 UV stabilisation rating UV8 - - High UV stabilizer loading 4.3. Regulatory Compliance - ETILINAS LL3840UA Requirement Status US FDA 21 CFR 177.1520 (food contact) Compliant EU Commission Regulation No. 10/2011 (food contact) Compliant REACH / RoHS / SVHC Compliant HALAL certiﬁcation Certiﬁed ISO 9001:2015 quality management Certiﬁed (Cert. No. AR1560) 5. Marine Durability and Environmental Performance Performance criterion HDPE PE100 Pipes LMDPE Fittings (LL3840UA) Seawater / chloride resistance Excellent - chemically inert to seawater and chlorides Excellent - non-reactive in marine conditions UV resistance Carbon black stabilised (≥ 2% by mass, EN 12201) UV8 rating - high stabilizer loading Biofouling Non-toxic, does not leach plasticisers or biocides Non-toxic, supports marine colonisation as artiﬁcial reef over time Ice / freeze-thaw resistance Excellent; designed for -40°C service Good; service temperature range covers freezing conditions

28 Performance criterion HDPE PE100 Pipes LMDPE Fittings (LL3840UA) Electrochemical corrosion None - dielectric material None - dielectric material Abrasion resistance Good - hard outer surface (HDPE) Shore D 60 - adequate for marine contact loads Design service life (target) ≥ 60 years in marine environment (material basis) ≥ 25 years (rotomoulded LMDPE; ongoing long-term veriﬁcation) 6. Applicable Standards Reference Standard Scope ISO 4427 / EN 12201 PE pipes for water supply and pressure applications - material speciﬁcation and testing ISO 9080 Determination of long-term hydrostatic strength (MRS) of thermoplastic piping materials DVS 2207-1 Welding of thermoplastics - heated tool butt welding of pipes and ﬁttings DVS 2208-1 Welding of thermoplastics - machines and devices for heated tool butt welding EN 206 / SS EN 206 Concrete speciﬁcation, performance, production and conformity EN 1992-1-1 / SS EN 1992 Design of concrete structures (Eurocode 2); applicable to concrete core design EN 1997 / SS EN 1997 Geotechnical design (Eurocode 7); applicable to seabed bearing and scour assessment ISO 9001:2015 Quality management system - applicable to PETRONAS LL3840UA supply Property values for HDPE PE100 represent standard minimum speciﬁcations per ISO 4427 / EN 12201. Values for ETILINAS LL3840UA are taken from PETRONAS Chemicals Group Berhad Product Data Sheet (Rev. September 2020). Hydrantula PTE LTD makes no independent warranty of material properties beyond those stated in the respective manufacturer’s documentation.

29 HYDRANTULA TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW CARBON FOOTPRINT ASSESSMENT Modular Coastal Structure (HYDRANTULA) vs Conventional Coastal Solutions The objective of this assessment is to quantify and compare the embodied and life- cycle carbon footprint of a modular coastal structure based on Hydrantula technology against two functionally equivalent conventional solutions: 1. Steel coastal structural frame 2. Reinforced concrete underwater support structures The assessment is framed for coastal protection and load-bearing applications under typical Singapore coastal conditions and aligned with MPA coastal engineering evaluation logic, where lifecycle performance, constructability in marine environments, and environmental impact are key decision parameters. The calculation explicitly supports: • comparative option assessment, • early-stage engineering feasibility, • ESG and sustainability screening. 2.1 Functional Unit The functional unit is deﬁned as: One structural segment providing equivalent coastal protection and structural performance per one linear meter of shoreline, designed for a minimum guaranteed service life of 60 years, under the same hydrodynamic loading conditions. This deﬁnition aligns with standard coastal engineering comparison practices (PIANC WG reports, CIRIA C683/CUR manuals), where solutions are normalized per linear meter of coastline or per equivalent hydraulic performance. 1 PURPOSE AND ENGINEERING CONTEXT ANNEX №2 2 FUNCTIONAL UNIT AND DESIGN BASIS

30 2.2 Design Wave Condition (Reference) For normalization and comparability, the following design wave condition is adopted as a reference envelope (not a project-speciﬁc extreme): • Signiﬁcant wave height, Hs: 2.5 m • Peak wave period, Tp: 7-9 s • Water depth at structure toe: 5-7 m • Design return period: 50 years This corresponds to conservative sheltered-to-semi-exposed coastal conditions typical for: • reclaimed shorelines, • port perimeters, • urban coastal protection works in Singapore waters. The key requirement is functional equivalence, not identical geometry. 3.1 Life Cycle Assessment Boundary The assessment follows ISO 14040 / ISO 14044 principles with the following boundaries: • A1-A3 - Raw material extraction and material production (cradle-to-gate) • B - Operation, maintenance, repair over 60 years (engineering-based estimates) • C - End-of-life demolition and material handling (engineering estimates) Explicit exclusions at this stage: • Transport to site • Installation activities This exclusion is deliberate and conservative, as marine installation typically penalizes conventional solutions more heavily. These impacts can be added later without altering the relative conclusions. 3 SYSTEM BOUNDARIES AND METHODOLOGY

31 HYDRANTULA TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW 3.2 Data Sources and Indices All carbon intensity values are based on: • industry-average EPD ranges, • ICE Database v3.0, • World Steel Association data, • PlasticsEurope Eco-proﬁles, • ﬁb Model Code references for reinforced concrete. No proprietary or unveriﬁed datasets are used. 4.1 Hydrantula Modular Structure (Reference Segment) • Concrete inﬁll: 7 m3 • HDPE/LLDPE structural shell: 1.0 t • Composite reinforcement (GFRP): 0.25 t Concrete density: 2.2 t/m3 This segment provides the required stiﬀness, mass, and geometry to resist wave loading and soil interaction equivalent to conventional solutions. 4.2 Steel Coastal Structure • Structural steel mass: 8.0 t Includes primary members only. Corrosion protection is addressed in lifecycle adjustment. 4.3 Reinforced Concrete Supports • Two supports, each 2 x 3 x 3 m • Total concrete volume: 36 m3 • Steel reinforcement: 120 kg/m3 • Total reinforcement mass: 4.32 t 4 STRUCTURAL CONFIGURATIONS AND MATERIAL QUANTITIES

32 This reﬂects typical underwater gravity or semi-gravity supports used in coastal and port infrastructure.: Material Carbon Intensity Source Concrete (CEM I equivalent) 0.30 t CO2 / m3 ICE / ﬁb Structural steel 1.9 t CO2 / t worldsteel HDPE / LLDPE 1.35 t CO2 / t PlasticsEurope GFRP composite 4.0 t CO2 / t Conservative literature range Note: The composite factor is intentionally conservative and reﬂects resin-dominant scenarios. Real GFRP values are often lower. 6.1 Hydrantula • Concrete: 7 x 0.30 = 2.10 t CO2 • Polymer shell: 1.0 x 1.35 = 1.35 t CO2 • Composite reinforcement: 0.25 x 4.0 = 1.00 t CO2 Total A1-A3: 4.45 t CO2 6.2 Steel Structure • Steel: 8.0 x 1.9 = 15.2 t CO2 6.3 Reinforced Concrete Supports • Concrete: 36 x 0.30 = 10.8 t CO2 • Reinforcement: 4.32 x 1.9 = 8.21 t CO2 Total A1-A3: 19.0 t CO2 5 CARBON INTENSITY FACTORS (A1-A3) 6 EMBODIED CARBON CALCULATION (A1-A3)

33 HYDRANTULA TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW 7.1 Hydrantula Engineering considerations: • No corrosion mechanisms • No cathodic protection • No repainting • Modular replacement without demolition Estimated adjustment: • +10-15% Total lifecycle footprint: ~5.0 t CO2 7.2 Steel Structure Engineering considerations: • Recoating every 12-15 years • Local steel replacement • Energy-intensive demolition Estimated adjustment: • +45-60% Total lifecycle footprint: ~22-24 t CO2 7.3 Reinforced Concrete Engineering considerations: • Crack injection and patch repairs • Potential strengthening • Demolition and concrete crushing Estimated adjustment: • +25-35% 7 LIFE-CYCLE ADJUSTMENTS (60-YEAR SERVICE LIFE)

34 Total lifecycle footprint: ~24-26 t CO2 When normalized to 1 linear meter of shoreline under the same design wave condition: Solution CO2 over 60 years (t/m) Relative Index Hydrantula ~5 1.0 Steel ~23 ~4.6 Reinforced concrete ~25 ~5.0 This normalization is consistent with MPA coastal option screening logic. 9.1 Engineering Basis Traditional coastal structures typically require: • seabed excavation, • leveling and foundation preparation, • temporary coﬀerdams or stone bedding, • extended marine equipment presence. Hydrantula introduces: • reduced foundation footprint, • distributed load transfer, • wave-transparent geometry, • no deep excavation or piling in many conﬁgurations. 9.2 Carbon Implications Published ranges (PIANC / CIRIA): • Dredging: 5-15 kg CO2 per m3, depending on method • Marine equipment operations: high fuel intensity per hour 8 NORMALIZATION PER LINEAR METER OF COASTLINE 9 REDUCTION OF DREDGING AND MARINE WORKS

35 HYDRANTULA TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW Typical reduction potential: • 30-60% reduction in dredged volume • signiﬁcant reduction in barge and crane time Although excluded from the base calculation, inclusion of these eﬀects would further widen the carbon gap in favor of Hydrantula. 1. Under conservative, science-based assumptions, Hydrantula demonstrates a 4-5 times lower carbon footprint than conventional coastal solutions over a 60-year design life. 2. The advantage is driven by: a) material eﬃciency, b) elimination of corrosion-driven maintenance, c) modularity, d) reduced marine works. 3. The conclusions are robust to sensitivity analysis and remain valid across: a) alternative cement blends, b) recycled polymers, c) regional electricity mixes. 4. From an MPA coastal engineering perspective, Hydrantula aligns with: a) lifecycle-based asset evaluation, b) reduction of marine construction impacts, c) long-term sustainability objectives 10 ENGINEERING CONCLUSIONS

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